Coconut Cultivation in India: Top Varieties and Major Producing States

Table of Contents

• An Overview of Coconut Farming in India
• What are the Benefits of Coconut Farming?
• Which are the Top Varieties of Coconut in India?
• What is the Cultivation Process for Coconuts in India?
  • Soil and Climate Requirements
  • Land Preparation
  • Plant Spacing Pattern
  • Planting
  • Care of Young Palms
  • Intercropping
  • Weed Management
  • Pest and Disease Management
  • Harvesting
• Which are the Major Coconut Producing States in India?
• Get Information regarding the Popular Farm Machinery used in Coconut Cultivation on Tractorkarvan

An Overview of Coconut Farming in India

Coconut production is vital for India’s economy. Its scientific name is “Cocos Nucifera”. The farmers in India grow coconuts in large numbers in their coconut farms, so coconuts are one of the sources of their livelihoods. According to the Coconut Board of India, the total coconut production in India accounted for 21,373.62 million nuts in 2023-2024.

There are many uses of coconuts in India, including food, soaps, hair oils, cosmetics, food and beverage, medicines, fuel, and roofing. Moreover, ropes, mats, brushes, mattresses, and other items are also made from coconut husks. In some regions of the country, the tree’s sap is used to manufacture sugar, jaggery, and traditional beverages. As we have an idea of its uses, let’s have a look at the benefits of the coconut.

What are the Benefits of Coconut Farming?

• All Year-Round Crop: Coconut is a long-term crop that can live up to 100 years. So, it provides all the benefits to farmers throughout the year.
• Low maintenance: It is a low-maintenance crop that can grow in all seasons. It requires fewer irrigation facilities, less manure & fertilizer, and no pruning.
• Generate Employment Opportunities: Many people in rural India use coconut husks to make ropes and brooms, which create income opportunities for them.
• Intercropping: As it is a long-standing crop, there is enough space to grow other crops such as cocoa, banana, pineapple, pepper, betel leaf, etc., which gives the benefit of planting these crops and further gives additional income to farmers.

Which are the Top Varieties of Coconut in India?

There are three varieties of coconut, namely tall, dwarf, and hybrid varieties. Let’s have a look at each of the following varieties below:

• Tall varieties: These varieties are primarily represented by the West Coast tall, East Coast tall, Chandrakalpa, Kerachandra, Kera Sagara, and Aliyar Nagar 1.
• Dwarf Varieties: These varieties include Chowghat Orange Dwarf and Chowghat Green Dwarf.
• Hybrid Varieties: Hybrid coconut varieties include tall x dwarf crosses like Kerasankara, Chandrasankara, and Chandralaksha, along with Keraganga and Lakshaganga.

What is the Cultivation Process for Coconuts in India?

The cultivation process of coconuts requires proper care and maintenance. Let’s look at the important factors and understand how to plant a coconut tree by following several steps.

Soil and Climate Requirements

Coconut best grows in red sandy loam, alluvial, and laterite soils with a minimum depth of 1.2 m and good water-holding capacity. Coconuts can be grown in soil with a pH of 5.2 – 8.6. The climate with high humidity is ideal for coconuts; however, it is a perennial crop. The temperature requirement is 27°C with 5-7°C diurnal variation.

Land Preparation

The planting holes for coconut planting should be marked in appropriate spaces. If the land is sloppy, it is important to adopt soil conservation methods. In hilly regions, contour terracing or bunding should be adopted. If the groundwater level is high, the planting should be done in mounds. In low-lying areas and rice fields, mounds are formed to a height of at least 1 m above the water level.

Plant Spacing Pattern

There are different plant spacing patterns for varieties, such as tall, dwarf, and hybrid. A spacing of 7.5 x 7.5 m with 175 plants/ha is best for tall varieties, whereas 8.5 x 8.5 m is optimal for hybrids. A dwarf variety needs a spacing of 6.5 x 6.5 m, followed by 20 ft. spacing between plants for planting in the field border as a single row. There are four methods of plant spacing, which are as follows:

• Triangular Spacing: 7.6 m.
• Square Spacing: 7.6 to 9 m (7.6 x 7.6 m, 8 x 8 m, 9 x 9 m).
• Single Hedge Spacing: 5 m in the rows, 9 m between the rows, or 6.5 m in rows – 9 m between rows.
• Double Hedge Spacing: 5 x 5 m in rows - 9 m between the pairs of rows, or 6.5 x 6.5 m in rows – 9 m between pairs of rows.

When a hedge planting pattern is followed, the rows should be aligned in a north-south direction, and the seedlings should be planted as in the triangular system.

Planting

May to July is the ideal planting season for coconuts. Follow the steps below to plant the best coconuts:

• Based on the selected plant spacing method, dig a pit of 3 X 3 X 3 ft. and fill it with FYM at a height of 2 ft. Fertilizer with 500:320:1200 g N, P2O5, and K2O per palm per year is recommended.
• The coconut seedlings are planted in the center of the pit. Two layers of coconut husk (with a concave surface facing up) can be arranged at the bottom of the pit before filling up. This will help in conserving the moisture.
• Regular manuring is important after the first year of planting. 20-50 kg of organic manure is required per palm per year, with the onset of the southwest monsoon, when soil moisture content is high.
• The coconut tree becomes fruit-bearing in 4-5 years.
• In rain-fed conditions, apply fertilizers in two split doses, 1/3rd at the time of early southwest monsoon showers in April-June and 2/3rd in September-October.

Care of Young Palms

The care of young coconut palms is necessary for their proper growth and development. At the early or young stage, the palms need special care and attention to become fruit-bearing without any difficulty. Consider the following points:

• Coconut palms should get enough water. For the first 2 years after planting, irrigate each seedling with 45 litres of water once every 4 days during the dry summer months.
• Provide proper shading and staking to the palms so that winds may not uproot the young seedlings.
• The young palms of coconut should also be protected from pests and weeds.
• Moreover, fencing is needed to protect them from animals.

Intercropping

Always choose the crops for intercropping based on the climatic conditions, soil type and irrigation facilities. The other points to be considered are canopy size, age, and spacing of the coconut. The following are the best crops for intercropping based on the age of the coconut:

• Early Stage: Turmeric, banana, and sesame are the best crops to grow as intercrops with coconut at an early age of below 5 years. Avoid crops like paddy and sugarcane.
• Young Stage: The different types of grasses, like Napier grass and guinea grass, are the best options as intercrops with coconut in this stage. This is the period of typically 5-20 years of age.
• Adult Stage: Depending upon the soil and climatic suitability, the cocoa, pepper and nutmeg are the best intercrops in the adult stage.

Weed Management

• Keep the pits free from weeds with the help of power weeder. Remove the soil if the seedlings are covered with collars. As the seedlings grow and form stems, fill up the pits gradually by cutting the sides.
• Proper inter-cultivation also helps control weeds and creates soil mulch.
• The interspacing should be ploughed twice a year.

Pest and Disease Management

Rhinoceros Beetle

• Symptoms: Bore into unopened fronds and spathes. The attacked frond, when fully opened, shows a characteristic triangular cut.
• Control: Naphthalene balls 12g (approx. 4 nos) in the innermost 2 leaf axils at 45-day intervals.

Coconut Eriophyid mite

• Symptoms: Initial symptoms are exhibited as triangular, pale, white or yellow patches close to the perianth.
• Control: Apply 1% Azadirachtin, i.e. 4 ml in 1 litre of water.

Bud Rot

• Symptoms: Yellowing of one or two younger leaves.
• Control: Spray 0.25% Copper oxychloride or 1 % Bordeaux mixture.

Harvesting

Coconuts become mature in 11-12 months. However, the harvesting time may vary from area to area. 11-month-old nuts are used for the main coconut products like coconut oil, food, etc., and are further used in the manufacturing of coir fibre. Usually, the nuts are harvested 6 to 10 times a year. The coconut plant lasts for around 65 years. Ripe coconuts are a good source of all the coconut products. Skilled personnel are traditionally employed to harvest coconuts. They climb to the top of the tree using proper safety devices for harvesting nuts.

Which are the Major Coconut Producing States in India?

According to the Coconut Development Board of India, the following are the major coconut-producing states in terms of production and area in 2023-24:

Get Information Regarding the Popular Farm Machinery used in Coconut Cultivation on Tractorkarvan

Tractorkarvan can help you get information regarding the best farm machinery used in coconut cultivation. Various implements are needed during the coconut cultivation process, such as post hole digger needed during plantation in large-scale coconut farming, a power weeder and power tiller for weeding purposes, and for crop residue management, a shredder is required to shred the coconut husks.

The best part is that all these implements are listed on Tractorkarvan to help you choose the right one and buy it from the market. If you want to learn about implement loans, we have a separate page for it, so you can get details from there. Moreover, stay tuned with Tractorkarvan to get all the updates related to agriculture and farm machinery.