Different Types of Soil in India and Their Characteristics

Table of Contents

• What is 'Soil?'
• What are the Different Types of Soil in India?
• What is the Process of Soil Formation?
  • Weathering
  • Accumulation of Organic Matter
  • Translocation
• What are the Five Major Factors Affecting Soil Formation?
• How 'Soil' Shapes Agriculture in India

What is ‘Soil?’

Soil is a valuable natural resource that forms the upper layer of the earth's mantle. It is a mix of minerals and organic matter (decayed plants and animals), which form the foundation of the earth's surface to support the growth of flora and fauna. The soil in its present form is the result of thousands of years of weathering and gradation of parent rock material. The properties of a soil are largely determined by the composition of the parent rock and the climate of a particular region.

Some of the major components of soils are:

• Organic matter – decomposed plants and animals.
• Inorganic matter – minerals and rock debris derived from parent rocks.
• Water
• Air

Different types of soil contain these ingredients in different amounts. Some soils are abundant in one or more of these, while others may be deficient in one or more. Ideally, soil should have 50% solid material and 50% pore space. Even the pore spaces should consist of half air and half water.

What are the Different Types of Soil in India?

India has diverse landforms, climatic conditions, and vegetation. As a result, different types of soils are found in India. Adopting the scientific approach for soil classification after Independence, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has given 8 major soil classifications based on genesis, colour, composition, and location.

We have given the soil type chart of the major soils of India below:

What is the Process of Soil Formation?

The soil formation process, also known as pedogenesis, is a series of interrelated physical, chemical, biological, and climatic activities that transform parent rock material into finer soil particles that we see today.

The soil forms through three important processes – weathering, accumulation of organic matter, and translocation.

Weathering

The first step of soil formation is weathering. It is the process of breaking down parent rock materials through physical and chemical processes into smaller particles.

Physical weathering is the mechanical breakdown of parent rock materials into smaller materials due to changes in temperatures, pressures, and wind.

Chemical weathering is the decomposition of rocks through chemical reactions. It happens when minerals within rocks change their chemical composition due to gases in the atmosphere and water.

Accumulation of Organic Matter

Organic matter consists of dead plants and animals, which, upon decomposition, form humus. This process is also known as humification.

Translocation

It involves the movement of soil constituents like minerals and organic matter within the soil profile (vertical classification of soil) or between the horizons. Translocation of soil happens through the process of leaching and illuviation.

What are the Five Major Factors Affecting Soil Formation?

Five major factors affecting soil formation are: physical relief, parent rock material, climate, biological activity, and time. Let's briefly examine how these factors influence soil formation.

• Physical Relief (Topography): The shape and direction of land affect soil formation. Flat land surfaces, like Indo-Gangetic plains, have deeper fertile soils, whereas slopes have fewer deeper soils.
• Parent Rock Material: The weathering of the parent material is the main source of soil formation. Thus, the nature of the parent rock determines the colour, composition, and fertility of the soil. For instance, black soil is the result of the weathering of lava rocks of the Deccan Plateaus.
• Climate: Rain and temperature determine the pace with which the parent rock will break, the extent of soil development, and the composition of the soil.
• Time: Soil formation is a dynamic and long-term process. The time determines the maturity and profile development of the soil.
• Biological Activity: Organic matter, such as decomposed plants and animals, helps determine the soil's structure and composition.

Besides, human activities also influence the formation of soils.

How ‘Soil’ Shapes Agriculture in India?

Soil plays a critical role in increasing agricultural productivity. That is why knowledge of soil type, texture, composition, fertility, etc., is essential. In India, alluvial, black, and red soils together cover more than 75% of the land area. These soils are predominantly found in regions like the Indo-Gangetic plains, the Deccan plateau, and the eastern coastal belt—areas that also host the country’s leading agricultural states. Additionally, adoption of modern farming techniques and advanced machinery, such as tractors and specialized farm implements, has further improved soil quality through better ploughing and land preparation practices.

In addition to these major soil types, other varieties like arid, saline, peaty, forest, and laterite soils are also present in these regions, contributing to the agricultural success of India’s top farming states.